DRC: how Félix Tshisekedi outsourced the war against the M23
In eastern DRC, the Congolese defence campaign relies on outside experts, and an investigation by the organisation GI-TOC sets out how these contractors and advisers operate on the ground. As AFC/M23 approached Goma, the capital of North Kivu province, in January 2025, the government in Kinshasa sought to organise a last-resort defence of the city with a coalition of local and international military allies. The investigation is titled "Violence for Sale".
Why it matters: The account of external contractors and advisers in North Kivu bears on the conflict and security theme, since the defence of the city is described as resting on actors outside the Congolese state.